Yucatan black howler Monkey
Alouatta pigra
Geographic Distribution and Habitat
Yucatan black howler monkeys, also called Guatemalan black howlers, are found in Belize (the location of their most widespread population), northern Guatemala, and southeastern Mexico in the regions of Chiapas, Yucatan, Quintana Roo, Campeche, and Tabasco.
They are endemic to the largest tropical rainforest region of Mesoamerica, Selva Maya, which encompasses over 9 million acres (4 million ha) of land in all three aforementioned countries.
Their habitat is varied and consists of tropical forest, lowlands, deciduous, semi-deciduous (in Calakmul, Mexico, and Tikal, Guatemala), and evergreen forests (in Yaxchilan, Mexico). In riverine habitats, they often avoid the riverbank and remain inland, where they prefer larger trees in the middle to upper canopy.
Yucatan black howler monkeys, also called Guatemalan black howlers, are found in Belize (the location of their most widespread population), northern Guatemala, and southeastern Mexico in the regions of Chiapas, Yucatan, Quintana Roo, Campeche, and Tabasco.
They are endemic to the largest tropical rainforest region of Mesoamerica, Selva Maya, which encompasses over 9 million acres (4 million ha) of land in all three aforementioned countries.
Their habitat is varied and consists of tropical forest, lowlands, deciduous, semi-deciduous (in Calakmul, Mexico, and Tikal, Guatemala), and evergreen forests (in Yaxchilan, Mexico). In riverine habitats, they often avoid the riverbank and remain inland, where they prefer larger trees in the middle to upper canopy.
Yucatan black howler monkey geographic range. Map credit: Rlendog/Creative Commons
Size, Weight, and Lifespan
Yucatan black howler monkeys are one of the largest monkeys in the Americas. Their body length is over 2.2 feet (70 cm), with an even longer tail. They are sexually dimorphic; males weigh much more than females. The average weight for males is 25 lbs (11.4 kg) and for females is 14 lbs (6.4 kg). Black howler monkeys have a lifespan of 15-20 years. Appearance
Yucatan black howler monkeys are medium-sized primates with thick, rich black hair covering their entire body, save for a bare spot on the underside of their prehensile tail. Everything about them, from their full face to their spindly fingers, seems rather elongated. Their eyes are small, almond-shaped, and brown and they have a protruding snout. Male Yucatan black howler monkeys, with an enlarged hyoid bone in their neck, look as though they swallowed a small oval-shaped serving platter that soon became irretrievably lodged in their throat. |
What Does It Mean?Arboreal:
Physically adapted to living primarily or exclusively in trees. Diurnal: Active during daylight hours. Endemic: Native or restricted to a certain area or country. Folivorous: Having a diet that consists of leaves. Frugivorous: Having a diet that consists of fruits. Herbivore: An animal that feeds on plants. Quadrupedal: Using four limbs to move about. This word comes from the Latin meaning “four feet.” Sexually dimorphic: When males and females have different characteristics (size, color, etc.) other than their reproductive organs. |
Diet
Yucatan black howler monkeys are herbivores. Their diet is both folivorous and frugivorous, with those categories divided up accordingly:
Yucatan black howler monkeys are herbivores. Their diet is both folivorous and frugivorous, with those categories divided up accordingly:
- Flowers (5%)
- Mature leaves (30%)
- New leaves and buds (25%)
- Other plants (5%)
- Fruit (35%, their preferred food source)
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Behavior and Lifestyle
Yucatan black howler monkeys are arboreal, quadrupedal, diurnal, territorial, and highly social. Territory sizes range from 3 to 25 acres (1.2–10 ha), indicated by howling vocalizations. Aside from sleeping, Yucatan black howler monkeys spend their time resting (70%), feeding and foraging (18%), moving (5%), and socializing (1.2%). The huge allotment given to inactivity is due to the lengthy digestion of leaves. Yucatan black howler monkeys are often found living in close conjunction with spider monkeys. Daily Life and Group Dynamics
A typical group of Yucatan black howler monkeys consists of one dominant alpha male, a few females, their offspring, and occasionally extra males that are likely involved in group defense against predators. Occasionally there are lone males that try to start their own groups or attempt to usurp males of established groups. As one might expect, newly formed groups are often smaller than long-established ones. Densities of groups range from 6 to 90 individuals per 0.4 square miles (1 sq km), which is actually lower than most other howler monkey species. Infants and adolescents engage the most in social interactions, especially vocal ones. In general, different groups have quite small and broadly overlapping home ranges. |
Fun FactsFun Facts The Yucatan black howler monkey is known as a “baboon” in Belize. It is also one of the largest monkeys in Belize and the rest of the Americas. Howler monkeys are considered by the Guiness Book of World Records to be the loudest land animal. |
Communication
Communication is perhaps what the howler monkeys are most famous for, and it’s not hard to discern why. Imagine a large animal, like a cow, an elephant, or, you know, a brachiosaurus. Now imagine a sizeable group of that large animal breathing very deeply and very loudly, all at once in the same rattling, rasping, wind tunnel of a howl. If you’ve been able to successfully imagine all of that, you have a pretty good idea of what a group of howler monkeys sounds like. The description alone, however, does not do their incredibly loud howl justice—check out the video below for a taste.
Howling sessions can last for over an hour and they usually take place in the early morning and late evening. They are low frequency and, in case you didn’t get it the first couple times it was mentioned, loud--about 88 decibels at a 16-foot (5-m) distance, though they have been heard from up to two miles (3.2 km) away. For comparison, that’s equivalent to the sound of a subway hurtling past. Even more, prolonged exposure to any noise above 90 decibels can cause gradual hearing loss, so Yucatan black howler monkeys are pretty close to causing rainforest-wide deafness.
One of the neat things about howling is that it occurs in staggered rounds when more than one male is present, meaning we—and other male howlers—can tell when more than one group is around, which is pretty helpful if you are a rival group and you’re thinking about heading over to size up the other alpha male. If he’s got some backups in his group, you may not take the risk.
Communication is perhaps what the howler monkeys are most famous for, and it’s not hard to discern why. Imagine a large animal, like a cow, an elephant, or, you know, a brachiosaurus. Now imagine a sizeable group of that large animal breathing very deeply and very loudly, all at once in the same rattling, rasping, wind tunnel of a howl. If you’ve been able to successfully imagine all of that, you have a pretty good idea of what a group of howler monkeys sounds like. The description alone, however, does not do their incredibly loud howl justice—check out the video below for a taste.
Howling sessions can last for over an hour and they usually take place in the early morning and late evening. They are low frequency and, in case you didn’t get it the first couple times it was mentioned, loud--about 88 decibels at a 16-foot (5-m) distance, though they have been heard from up to two miles (3.2 km) away. For comparison, that’s equivalent to the sound of a subway hurtling past. Even more, prolonged exposure to any noise above 90 decibels can cause gradual hearing loss, so Yucatan black howler monkeys are pretty close to causing rainforest-wide deafness.
One of the neat things about howling is that it occurs in staggered rounds when more than one male is present, meaning we—and other male howlers—can tell when more than one group is around, which is pretty helpful if you are a rival group and you’re thinking about heading over to size up the other alpha male. If he’s got some backups in his group, you may not take the risk.
Reproduction and Family
Sexual maturity in Yucatan black howler monkeys is reached at the age of four years old. They breed non-seasonally and reproduce yearly to an average offspring of one. The gestation period lasts for 180 days and females care for their young for 12 months after birth, providing direct care from predators and adult males, who engage in infanticide. Males and other females do not typically assist the mother with raising her offspring.
Only the dominant males or males with high social status will copulate with females. Alpha males are able to copulate more frequently and with more females than those with lower status. Due to the necessity of having to wait to gain a high social status, males often mate later in life than females.
Sexual maturity in Yucatan black howler monkeys is reached at the age of four years old. They breed non-seasonally and reproduce yearly to an average offspring of one. The gestation period lasts for 180 days and females care for their young for 12 months after birth, providing direct care from predators and adult males, who engage in infanticide. Males and other females do not typically assist the mother with raising her offspring.
Only the dominant males or males with high social status will copulate with females. Alpha males are able to copulate more frequently and with more females than those with lower status. Due to the necessity of having to wait to gain a high social status, males often mate later in life than females.
Photo credit: Dave Johnson/Creative Commons
Ecological Role
Yucatan black howlers are important seed dispersers, a result of their frugivorous diet. It is possible that they provide economic benefits to humans because their unique howling attracts eco-tourists to that region of Mesoamerica.
Yucatan black howlers are important seed dispersers, a result of their frugivorous diet. It is possible that they provide economic benefits to humans because their unique howling attracts eco-tourists to that region of Mesoamerica.
Conservation Status and Threats
The International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species classifies the Yucatan black howler monkey as Endangered (IUCN, 2008).
Their population trend is listed as “decreasing” and some scientists predict the Yucatan black howler monkey could become extinct in the next 30 years or at least experience a dramatic decrease in population by 74%.
Threats to the Yucatan black howler monkey include:
The International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species classifies the Yucatan black howler monkey as Endangered (IUCN, 2008).
Their population trend is listed as “decreasing” and some scientists predict the Yucatan black howler monkey could become extinct in the next 30 years or at least experience a dramatic decrease in population by 74%.
Threats to the Yucatan black howler monkey include:
- Hunting
- Residential and commercial development
- Logging and wood harvesting
- Habitat destruction and deforestation
- Forests are being converted into pastures and agricultural plots
- Disease
- Yellow fever
- Abnormal rainfall
- Natural disasters
- Storms, flooding, hurricanes
- Predation
- Infanticide by male Yucatan black howler monkeys
- Jaguars
- Pumas
- Harpy eagles
- Large arboreal snakes
- Humans (caught as pets and/or occasionally food)
Conservation Efforts
The Yucatan black howler monkey lives in many protected areas desinged to provide a sustainable and safe habitat. Some of those areas are Guancaste National Park, Blue Hole National Park, Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary, Caracol Archaeological Reserve, Rio Bravo Conservation and Management Area, Tikal National Park, and Palenque National Park.
In Belize, a community-based conservation organization called the Community Baboon Sanctuary has protected land along the Belize river to ensure that habitat and food sources are not destroyed for agricultural purposes.
The Yucatan black howler monkey lives in many protected areas desinged to provide a sustainable and safe habitat. Some of those areas are Guancaste National Park, Blue Hole National Park, Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary, Caracol Archaeological Reserve, Rio Bravo Conservation and Management Area, Tikal National Park, and Palenque National Park.
In Belize, a community-based conservation organization called the Community Baboon Sanctuary has protected land along the Belize river to ensure that habitat and food sources are not destroyed for agricultural purposes.
Photo credit: Dave Johnson/Creative Commons
References:
- https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Alouatta_pigra/
- http://www.belizezoo.org/mammals/black-howler-monkey.html
- https://rainforest-alliance.org/species/howler-monkey
- https://iucnredlist.org/species/914/13094441#conservation-actions
- http://animalia.bio/guatemalan-black-howler
- http://selvamaya.info/en/mayan-rainforest/the-selva/
Written by Rachel Heim, June 2019
