KIPUNJI
Rungwecebus kipunji
Geographic Distribution and Habitat
The kipunji is an Old World monkey endemic to Tanzania; there are two main populations of kipunji—one in the highland forests of the Ndundulu Forest Reserve, and another in the Rungwe-Kitilo forest in southwestern Tanzania. This species is found exclusively in protected areas. They prefer the shelter of the forests and avoid open spaces, even if the forests where they make their homes grow thinned out due to logging. The populations grow fragmented as their habitat degrades. The New York Times calls it “Africa’s rarest monkey”—not to mention that it was only discovered in 2003!
The kipunji is an Old World monkey endemic to Tanzania; there are two main populations of kipunji—one in the highland forests of the Ndundulu Forest Reserve, and another in the Rungwe-Kitilo forest in southwestern Tanzania. This species is found exclusively in protected areas. They prefer the shelter of the forests and avoid open spaces, even if the forests where they make their homes grow thinned out due to logging. The populations grow fragmented as their habitat degrades. The New York Times calls it “Africa’s rarest monkey”—not to mention that it was only discovered in 2003!
Kipunji geogrphic range, so small it is barely perceptible on this map. Credit: Chermundy and IUCN
|
What Does It Mean?Altricial: Infants of a species who are still not fully developed, and must be cared for by their parents. |
Size, Weight, and Lifespan
The kipunji can reach up to 35 in (90 cm) in length, and typically weighs between 22 and 35 lb (10-16 kg). Because the kipunji is such a recently discovered species, there is no definitive information about its lifespan; however, scientists have estimated—looking at similar species—that these primates could potentially live as long as 45 years.
Appearance
The kipunji’s tail is longer than its body. Its fur, on the whole, is a light brown color—though it grows darker at the hands and feet, and white at the chest and tip of their tails. Their faces are hairless and black, and there is no differentiation in appearance between the sexes. The species bears a resemblance to baboons, and the two are related, but the kipunji is of its own genus: Rungwecebus, derived from the mountain where so many of these monkeys live. The main difference between the baboons and the kipunji was the shape of their skulls. At first, scientists believed this monkey to be a species of mangabey, and some call it the African or highland mangabey, but after DNA testing they were given their own genus. This genus, Rungwecebus, is the first new genus in Africa since 1923. Some scientists, however, are still unsure if this new genus is legitimate.
Diet
The first study of the kipunji’s diet was published in 2010; they subsist mainly by eating plants. The primary species consumed was Macaranga capensis var. capensis—also known as iphubane, unompumelelo, and umfongafonga, among other names. During the dry season, kipunji depend more on leaves for their diet; in the wet season, they depend more on fruit. Beyond fruit and leaves, they eat bark, moss, seeds, fungi, and even soil.
The first study of the kipunji’s diet was published in 2010; they subsist mainly by eating plants. The primary species consumed was Macaranga capensis var. capensis—also known as iphubane, unompumelelo, and umfongafonga, among other names. During the dry season, kipunji depend more on leaves for their diet; in the wet season, they depend more on fruit. Beyond fruit and leaves, they eat bark, moss, seeds, fungi, and even soil.
|
Behavior and Lifestyle
Kipunji live in large groups—between 30 and 36 monkeys. Within these groups, there are typically only two infants, which rely on these units for protection and care. The kipunji is reportedly a shy monkey, and some scientists believe this trait contributed to their going undiscovered for so long—that, and the fact that humans rarely venture into the areas where kipunji live. They are diurnal tree-dwellers and are rarely found on the ground. In the trees, they do their best to remain out of sight. These monkeys have a very limited range—researchers used GPS to track 34 groups of kipunji and found that they remain within a range of 6.8 sq mi (17.7 sq km). Scientists have also found that some kipunji populations have cross-bred with baboons. |
Fun FactsThe kipunji wasn’t discovered until 2003. It is the newest species of Old World monkey. |
Daily Life and Group Dynamics
Because these monkeys are so shy and elusive, little is known about their day-to-day lives. What can be gleaned from the research is that they are largely sedentary—they do not move around all that much—and that they live in large groups. If anything, this dearth of knowledge emphasizes the need to protect this species, so more can be learned.
Because these monkeys are so shy and elusive, little is known about their day-to-day lives. What can be gleaned from the research is that they are largely sedentary—they do not move around all that much—and that they live in large groups. If anything, this dearth of knowledge emphasizes the need to protect this species, so more can be learned.
Communication
The kipunji’s vocalizations are extremely unique, and have been described as a “honk-bark.” Tim Davenport, who has been at the forefront of kipunji research, explained it as a “goose followed by a dog.” These monkeys also “chirp.” The meanings of these vocalizations are unclear, and they have only been observed in the kipunji population found in the Southern Highlands.
The kipunji’s vocalizations are extremely unique, and have been described as a “honk-bark.” Tim Davenport, who has been at the forefront of kipunji research, explained it as a “goose followed by a dog.” These monkeys also “chirp.” The meanings of these vocalizations are unclear, and they have only been observed in the kipunji population found in the Southern Highlands.
Photos courtesy of ARKive.org
Reproduction and Family
Little is known about the kipunji’s reproduction habits. We do know that females display genital swelling when in estrus, that they are group-dwelling monkeys, and that infants, like many primate infants, are helpless, or altricial, meaning they depend upon adults for basic necessities and protection. In 2013, a rare photograph of a baby kipunji was taken, along with its mother, who, despite having lost her hand in a snare, still cared for her baby. Low genetic variability is a concern, and within large groups of kipunji, small numbers of young are observed. As mentioned before, there is evidence of cross-breeding between kipunji and baboons, though this only exists in the DNA of monkeys who live in the Southern Highlands. Kipunji found in the Udzungwa Mountains, however, have no traces of baboon DNA. While this does not reveal much about the reproduction habits of these primates—breeding between different species isn’t exactly uncommon—it is valuable knowledge within the context of conservation efforts to protect these monkeys. Some scientists speculate that the kipunji has a hybrid origin.
Little is known about the kipunji’s reproduction habits. We do know that females display genital swelling when in estrus, that they are group-dwelling monkeys, and that infants, like many primate infants, are helpless, or altricial, meaning they depend upon adults for basic necessities and protection. In 2013, a rare photograph of a baby kipunji was taken, along with its mother, who, despite having lost her hand in a snare, still cared for her baby. Low genetic variability is a concern, and within large groups of kipunji, small numbers of young are observed. As mentioned before, there is evidence of cross-breeding between kipunji and baboons, though this only exists in the DNA of monkeys who live in the Southern Highlands. Kipunji found in the Udzungwa Mountains, however, have no traces of baboon DNA. While this does not reveal much about the reproduction habits of these primates—breeding between different species isn’t exactly uncommon—it is valuable knowledge within the context of conservation efforts to protect these monkeys. Some scientists speculate that the kipunji has a hybrid origin.
Ecological Role
Like many monkeys who eat a mainly herbivorous diet, the kipunji’s feeding habits likely contribute to seed dispersal.
Like many monkeys who eat a mainly herbivorous diet, the kipunji’s feeding habits likely contribute to seed dispersal.
Conservation Status and Threats
The kipunji is listed as Critically Endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, appearing on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN, 2008), and faces many threats: The forests it calls home are degraded, due to logging and other practices. Nudundulu Forest, one of the reserves where this monkey is found, is in good condition, but Mt. Rungwe, the mountain from which this monkey’s genus is derived, is not. It isn’t managed, even if it’s designated as a reserve. As these forests become more fragmented, so will the kipunji populations, and this drastically reduces their chance of long-term survival. These animals also face predation from leopards and eagles, and are sometimes hunted by humans, illegally, since they occasionally will raid crops for food. There are an approximate 1,100 wild kipunji left—most of which live in the Southern Highlands. If a serious effort is not made, these newly discovered primates will be gone before we can learn anything more about them. In 2006, just three years after discovery, this species was listed among the world’s 25 most endangered primates, and made the list again in 2008.
Conservation Efforts
The fact that this monkey was so recently discovered, and is of its own genus, means it is even more paramount that we do all that we can to protect it. Estimations indicate that, without proper protection, the species could go extinct in anywhere from 20 to 50 years. If these monkeys are to survive, then Mt. Rungwe must be prioritized. Efforts to raise awareness that this monkey exists, and to emphasize its importance, are key—before it is too late.
The kipunji is listed as Critically Endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, appearing on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN, 2008), and faces many threats: The forests it calls home are degraded, due to logging and other practices. Nudundulu Forest, one of the reserves where this monkey is found, is in good condition, but Mt. Rungwe, the mountain from which this monkey’s genus is derived, is not. It isn’t managed, even if it’s designated as a reserve. As these forests become more fragmented, so will the kipunji populations, and this drastically reduces their chance of long-term survival. These animals also face predation from leopards and eagles, and are sometimes hunted by humans, illegally, since they occasionally will raid crops for food. There are an approximate 1,100 wild kipunji left—most of which live in the Southern Highlands. If a serious effort is not made, these newly discovered primates will be gone before we can learn anything more about them. In 2006, just three years after discovery, this species was listed among the world’s 25 most endangered primates, and made the list again in 2008.
Conservation Efforts
The fact that this monkey was so recently discovered, and is of its own genus, means it is even more paramount that we do all that we can to protect it. Estimations indicate that, without proper protection, the species could go extinct in anywhere from 20 to 50 years. If these monkeys are to survive, then Mt. Rungwe must be prioritized. Efforts to raise awareness that this monkey exists, and to emphasize its importance, are key—before it is too late.
References:
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20204672
- https://www.ispotnature.org/communities/southern-africa/species-dictionary/29353/macaranga-capensis-var-capensis
- https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/critically-endangered-kipunji-rungwecebus-kipunji-of-southern-tanzania-first-census-and-conservation-status-assessment/6CB47F8B4EC342D066611C012073C876/core-reader
- https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/08/080804-rarest-monkey.html
- https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/11/091111123606.htm
- http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4759535.stm
- https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Rungwecebus_kipunji/#lifespan_longevity
- http://science.sciencemag.org/content/308/5725/1161.full
- http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/136791/0
- https://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/06/05/rare-look-at-a-baby-kipunji-one-of-the-worlds-most-endangered-monkeys/?mtrref=www.google.com&assetType=opinion
- https://www.britannica.com/animal/kipunji
Written by James Freitas, July 2018
